Gentleman George Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America

Review of: ""Gentleman George" Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America," by Thomas S. Mach

Gentleman George Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America

Review of: ""Gentleman George" Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America," by Thomas S. Mach

Effects of aging on identifying emotions conveyed by point-light walkers

M.G. was supported by EC FP7 HBP (grant 604102), PITN-GA-011-290011 (ABC) FP7-ICT-2013-10/ 611909 (KOROIBOT), and by GI 305/4-1 and KA 1258/15-1, and BMBF, FKZ: 01GQ1002A. K.S.P. was supported by a BBSRC New Investigator Grant. A.B.S. and P.J.B. were supported by an operating grant (528206) from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. The authors also thank Donna Waxman for her valuable help in data collection for all experiments described here.Peer reviewedPostprin

On plane subgraphs of complete topological drawings

Topological drawings are representations of graphs in the plane, where vertices are represented by points, and edges by simple curves connecting the points. A drawing is simple if two edges intersect at most in a single point, either at a common endpoint or at a proper crossing. In this paper we study properties of maximal plane subgraphs of simple drawings Dnof the complete graph Knon n vertices. Our main structural result is that maximal plane subgraphs are 2-connected and what we call essentially 3-edge-connected. Besides, any maximal plane subgraph contains at least [3n/2] edges. We also address the problem of obtaining a plane subgraph of Dnwith the maximum number of edges, proving that this problem is NP-complete. However, given a plane spanning connected subgraph of Dn, a maximum plane augmentation of this subgraph can be found in O(n3) time. As a side result, we also show that the problem of finding a largest compatible plane straight-line graph of two labeled point sets is NP-complete. © 2021 Society of Mathematicians, Physicists and Astronomers of Slovenia. All rights reserved

Effect of Build Orientation on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of a Biodegradable High Manganese Steel Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

In the last decade, additive manufacturing technologies like laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) have emerged strongly. However, the process characteristics involving layer-wise build-up of the part and the occurring high, directional thermal gradient result in significant changes of the microstructure and the related properties compared to traditionally fabricated materials. This study presents the influence of the build direction (BD) on the microstructure and resulting properties of a novel austenitic Fe-30Mn-1C-0.02S alloy processed via LPBF. The fabricated samples display a {011} texture in BD which was detected by electron backscatter diffraction. Furthermore, isolated binding defects could be observed between the layers. Quasi-static tensile and compression tests displayed that the yield, ultimate tensile as well as the compressive yield strength are significantly higher for samples which were built with their longitudinal axis perpendicular to BD compared to their parallel counterparts. This was predominantly ascribed to the less severe effects of the sharp-edged binding defects loaded perpendicular to BD. Additionally, a change of the Young’s modulus in dependence of BD could be demonstrated, which is explained by the respective texture. Potentiodynamic polarization tests conducted in a simulated body fluid revealed only slight differences of the corrosion properties in dependence of the build design

Comparing the Evidence from Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials for Nonskeletal Health Effects of Vitamin D

Although observational studies of health outcomes generally suggest beneficial effects with, or following, higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have generally not supported those findings. Here we review results from observational studies and RCTs regarding how vitamin D status affects several nonskeletal health outcomes, including Alzheimer\u27s disease and dementia, autoimmune diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease, COVID-19, major depressive disorder, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, all-cause mortality, respiratory tract infections, and pregnancy outcomes. We also consider relevant findings from ecological, Mendelian randomization, and mechanistic studies. Although clear discrepancies exist between findings of observational studies and RCTs on vitamin D and human health benefits these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Bias and confounding are seen in observational studies and vitamin D RCTs have several limitations, largely due to being designed like RCTs of therapeutic drugs, thereby neglecting vitamin D\u27s being a nutrient with a unique metabolism that requires specific consideration in trial design. Thus, RCTs of vitamin D can fail for several reasons: few participants\u27 having low baseline 25(OH)D concentrations, relatively small vitamin D doses, participants\u27 having other sources of vitamin D, and results being analyzed without consideration of achieved 25(OH)D concentrations. Vitamin D status and its relevance for health outcomes can usefully be examined using Hill\u27s criteria for causality in a biological system from results of observational and other types of studies before further RCTs are considered and those findings would be useful in developing medical and public health policy, as they were for nonsmoking policies. A promising approach for future RCT design is adjustable vitamin D supplementation based on interval serum 25(OH)D concentrations to achieve target 25(OH)D levels suggested by findings from observational studies